Cycads are unique seed-producing plants. Conservation actions are being implemented for many species around the world as cycads are being threatened by human activity.

The arborescent cycad stem is constructed using an approach that botanists call pachycaulous. These stems are thick and produce few branches compared with other tree species.

“Several historical reports from botanic gardens revealed a greater number of lifetime branching events occurred for male cycad plants,” said Michael Calonje, cycad biologist at the Montgomery Botanical Center and co-author of the study. “We decided to take a look into some of our field data from four arborescent cycad species to determine if this form of sexual dimorphism also occurred in natural habitats.”

The robust analysis of branching behavior from 2,695 cycad trees in the wild confirmed the propensity of male trees to branch more often than female trees. The results confirmed that male trees produced two to three times more branches per tree than female trees. In fact, 80% of the female trees for the three Cycas species from Guam and the Philippines were unbranched.

An understanding of how frequently cycads experience reproductive events is helpful for interpreting these results, as branching often occurs immediately after the production of reproductive structures.

“Cycad biologists call these structures strobili,” said Benjamin Deloso, University of Guam cycad specialist. “The branching behavior that occurs after strobili production is called isotomous, meaning that a single branch splits into two equal-sized branches.”

According to Deloso, male cycads produce strobili much more often than female cycads, thereby accumulating more times over a lifetime when subsequent isotomous branching events may occur.

Most natural populations of cycad trees contain roughly 50% male trees and 50% female plants. However, a chronic difficulty in conducting field work is that most trees do not exhibit active strobili, so the unambiguous determination of the sex of cycads in the wild is difficult. The authors contend that an understanding of branch dimorphism provides a new tool that conservationists may exploit to better assess population traits.

Important implications for Guam’s Cycas micronesica population
The new knowledge has illuminated an interesting outcome from the threats to Cycas micronesica conservation on the island of Guam. Several non-native insect pests invaded the island in 2003─2005, and these invasions initiated a series of events that have killed 96% of the cycad population. A comparison of the pre-invasion branching data versus the contemporary branching data reveals that most of the unbranched trees have been killed and fewer of the branched trees have been killed.

According to Calonje and Deloso, these observations indicate that the relentless herbivory by the non-native insects has preferentially killed more female trees. This information is crucial for conservation decision-makers because recovery of the island’s cycad population may become constrained by the scarcity of female trees. A practical use of this new knowledge is in ongoing tree salvage projects, where cycad trees are being rescued from construction sites. The conservation practitioners may use the branching data to develop a more accurate estimate of parity between male and female trees during selection of which trees to rescue.

The results also provide an example of the benefits of research on healthy plant populations. For research results to be most informative, conservationists need the knowledge to be generated from plants and habitats that do not exhibit contemporary threats. That knowledge can then inform conservation goals by providing benchmarks that serve as species recovery goals.